Which of the following conditions is associated with portal hypertension?

Portal hypertension is a condition characterized by increased blood pressure in the portal venous system, which can occur due to various liver diseases such as cirrhosis. One of the significant complications of portal hypertension is the development of esophageal varices, which are enlarged veins in the esophagus that can result from the increased pressure. The veins become distended and fragile, often leading to serious bleeding.

The connection between portal hypertension and esophageal varices is critical in clinical contexts because the presence of varices indicates significant vascular changes and poses a risk for gastrointestinal hemorrhage. Monitoring and managing this condition is essential for preventing life-threatening complications. The other conditions listed do not have a direct association with portal hypertension.